Prof. Czamara is an author and coauthor of 59 scientific articles. Since 2012 he has been an Associate Professor at College of Physiotherapy in Wroclaw, Poland. Prof. Czamara is a specialist in physiotherapy and runs his private practice as an physiotherapist. Since 1997 professor has been managing the Rehabilitation Centre in Wroclaw. He founded the College of Physiotherapy in Wroclaw where he has been an academic teacher since 1999. Since 2010 prof. Czamara has been the President of College of Physiotherapy located in Wroclaw. Email: [email protected]

Statement of the Problem: The efficiency of walking is often the focus of therapeutic interventions for patients with cerebral palsy (CP) as its decrease has been shown to be predictive of reduced capacity for activity, participation and social interaction. To date, there are some general findings about the effect of Nordic Walking (NW) training, however none of them advocate to patients with CP. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a NW training on a march on a treadmill ergospirometry parameters and a heart rate in a patient with CP. Methodology: The studied patient was a 16 years old male with spastic diplegia, with neurological signs in both lower limbs, but without functional involvement of upper limbs and no mental retardations. Five times a week for 12 weeks, the patient performed 40-minutes long NW training. The training was being monitored using application installed on a smartphone and saved on the user account, to which access was allowed to the researchers. The patient underwent the ergospirometry test using the MetaLyzer 3B-R3 device. The measurement was performed twice: before (PRE training) and after (POST training) the 12-week long training. The obtained values of walking time, maximal walking speed, Maximal Oxygen Consumption; Oxygen Consumption normalized to patient’s body mass; Carbon Dioxide Production, Pulmonary Ventilation, and a maximal heart rate were analyzed. The differences in studied parameters between the first and the second measurement were expressed in percenters (%). Findings: The intra-measurement comparison revealed an improvement of studied parameters (Table 1). Conclusions: The applied 12-week long NW training improved ergospirometry parameters with HR max remaining on the same level as an effect of positive adaptation to an exercise with higher load. The increase of walking efficiency after application of a NW training in CP patients should be studied on a larger sample.

Meriyeg sara had completed her Bachelor’s at the age of 21 years from the university of science and technics of Béni-Mellal, in development and environmental management. After she completed her studies and got her degree as an application engineer in Environment science from the faculty of science and techniques of Tangier, in 2014 she had an international Master “EXPO Master integrated coastal zone management” between three of the main universities in the world: Pavia university in Italy, Tongji university in China and finally Chonnam university in South Korea. she attend many international congress related to the field of oceanography; the last one was in china: Seminar of coastal Geology and Integrated Management organized by GEO-Coasts and Tongji university , Qingdao, China .Now she is a seconde year phd student in the faculty of science and technics of Béni-Mellal, Morocco. Her research focus on the problem of contamination of soil and groundwater by pesticides and nitrates in the region of Tadla.

The Arian photographic analysis and satellite images allowed us to determine the evolution of some geological phenomena such as the problem of erosion that affects most of the Moroccan beaches, which nowadays becomes a global issue not only national . The furniture beach of Tangier Bay is considered one of the most Moroccan beaches threatened by erosion effect, in this work it was noticed that the Bay of Tangier had a change in morphology along a period that stretches between 1972 and 1997. The period between 1972-1981 shows generalized erosion with a rate of 4 m/year. The period of 1981-1997 registers a restoring of the average trend with the formation of three sectors, the first one in erosion; the second sector is stable and the third in accretion. Because of its farness from the production zones, the sandy beach evolves in a closed system. On the other hand, the development of the western hillside immobilized the sandy materials that do not contribute anymore to the current solid contribution. Finally, the longshore drift which redistributes the pebbles brought by the oued Halou is broken by the construction of a defence system. At present, the erosion that drew sediments of the beach from the most easterly beach to accrete that western portion can’t find more materials because of the erosion and of the quasitotal occupation of the beach. The repairing of the beach further to successive storms is more difficult. This reality is already felt in 2006. On the other hand, a portion of the clayey coastal cliff of Tangier bay,The reconstruction of the natural coastal system and the monitoring of the successive developments in the bay show that the anthropization of the coast has unbalanced the system in an irreversible way.

Manjusha Hira is a Senior Registrar in Pediatric at Watford General Hospital UK .She has published more than 6 papers in reputed journals.

Introduction: Sengers syndrome is a rare disorder that causes congenital cataract, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM), skeletal myopathy and lactic acidosis. HOCM is usually fatal in infancy. It is an autosomal recessive mitochondrial depletion disorder resulting from the mutation of acylglycerolkinase (AGK) gene. This nuclear gene is responsible for the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mDNA). Methods: We report a 4 month old boy who had severe lactic acidosis at birth and progressive congenital cataract. Cataract and failure to thrive were missed on his primary examination until he presented with complete loss of vision at 3 months and subsequent heart failure secondary to severe HOCM at 4 months of age. Results: His genetic testing revealed homozygous novel putative splicing mutation of AGK gene, c.1047-2A>G. This substitution has not been previously reported. There are about 40 case reports of Sengers syndrome to our knowledge. The severe form due to homozygous mutation has early onset cataract, lactic acidosis and progressive HOCM leading to death in infancy. The milder form with heterozygous mutation has a better prognosis and develops cardiomyopathy at later stages, with survival into their fourth decade. The mildest form reported had only cataracts. Conclusion: Uncertainty about the red eye reflex in non-Caucasian infants is common in primary examinations. Unexplained and persistent lactic acidosis at birth should not be discounted and should be followed up after discharge. Sengers syndrome should be considered as a differential diagnosis in babies who present with congenital cataracts especially if associated with lactic acidosis and later HOCM. Our patient is currently awaiting a cardiac transplant.

Marlus Chorilli has completed his BSc degree in Pharmacy-Biochemistry (2002), MSc (2004) and PhD (2007) degrees in Pharmaceutical Sciences from São Paulo State University. He is presently an Assistant Professor at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Araraquara—São Paulo State University, teaching Pharmacotechniques and Pharmaceutical Technology. He is Leader of the research group “Research and Development of Nanotechnology-based Drug Release Systems” (CNPq—Brazil). He also acts as reviewer of journals in the field of Pharmaceutical Sciences and as scientific adviser of Brazilian and international research funding agencies (CNPq—Brazil, FAPESP-Brazil and FONDECY-Chile).

The vaginal mucosa is accessible, has an excellent blood supply, and shows the absence of the first-pass effect, which makes it a very attractive drug delivery route. However, this route has limitations, mainly due to the difficulty of adherence of the formulation in the vaginal mucosa. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, such as liquid crystalline systems (LCSs), can increase drug permeation through the mucosa and thereby improve drug delivery. The presence of mucoadhesive polymers in the aqueous phase of the platforms, such as polyethyleneimine and chitosan, can further increase the permanence of the formulation at the site of action. This study aimed at developing and characterizing the mechanical, rheological, and mucoadhesive properties of four liquid crystalline precursor systems (LCPSs) composed of four different aqueous phases: water, chitosan (FC), polyethyleneimine (FP) and both polymers (FPC); oleic acid was used as the oil phase, and ethoxylated and propoxylated cetyl alcohol was used as the surfactant. Polarized light microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering indicated that all LCPSs formed liquid crystalline states after incorporation of vaginal mucus. Rheological, texture, and mucoadhesive assays showed that FPC had the most suitable characteristics for vaginal application. In vitro release study showed that FPC could act as a controlled drug delivery system. Finally, based on in vitro cytotoxicity data, FPC is a safe buccal drug delivery system for the treatment of several vaginal diseases.

Sedigheh pakseresht has completed her Ph.D. at the age of 48 years from Delhi University, India University. She is Associate Professor, Women Health Promotion, Community Health, Obstetric Dept. Member of Reproductive Health Research Center & Social determinants of health research center, Guilan University, and Medical Science, Rasht, Iran. She has published more than 28 papers in Persian journals and 7 papers in ISI about breast cancer and published a book about breast cancer (in English). She is chief editor in holistic nursing and midwifery journal in Guilan, Iran for 19 years.

Introduction: Nutrition can be one of the most important and predictors of physical health during pregnancy and has a significant effect on reducing the risk and maternal health problems during this period. Objective: The present study aimed to compare prenatal nutrition in wanted and unwanted pregnancies Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-comparative study included 300 pregnant women who had referred to the prenatal clinic of referral hospital; 135 wanted and 165 unwanted pregnancies in 2016 in Iran. The necessary data was collected using “personal demographics”, and “Physical health”. Variables such as age, education, occupation, housing status, type of pregnancy, number of pregnancies/delivery, medical problems current pregnancy, contraceptive methods, blood tests (HB, FBS), nutrition (meat and eggs), beans, milk or dairy products, fruit and vegetables, and supplements (iron, folic acid, multivitamin). Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: In this study, 300 pregnant women (165 wanted and 135 unwanted pregnancies) aged 16 to 50 years and mean age of 29.8±5.8 years were enrolled. In terms of education, 80.7% of women were graduated higher diploma and 91/7% were housewives. Regarding the regression coefficients and the relative chance of the relationship between the wanted and the unwanted pregnancy with the health status based on the adjusted model, the results indicated that unwanted pregnancy variables were considered as a significant predictor of physical health so that unwanted pregnancy was 5/4 times the person more exposed to medical problems. Among other variables (Hb, FBS) (p <0.001) and inadequate dairy consumption (at least one glass of milk or yogurt per day); 45-60 g of low-fat cheese equivalent Matchbox) (p = 0.005) were other predictors that increase the odds of individual medical problems (5.36, 28.07, 10.095, 25.036) in pregnancy, respectively Conclusion: These results can guide us nutrition in wanted and unwanted pregnancies is very important which should be careful in during prenatal by counseling, education, encouragement and psychological support as well.

Lu Jia-fen worked at the St. Pauls Hospital, specialized in pediatric and acute illness. Had served as leader of pediatric ward, obstetric ward, gynecology ward, maternity ward, baby room, and now work at the emergency field. She is enthusiastic about the pediatric clinical care and developing clinical medical aids with academic field. The uses of therapeutic plays to reduce pressure and fear of child patients , helping receiving treatment, and to improve the quality of nursing care and profession. Related academic articles are verified by Taiwan Nursing Institute and by Taiwan Evidence-Based Medicine Association.

Question statement: Respiratory tract infection is the primary cause of the death of children under five years of age. The disposal will be spray treatment, but the child patients usually resist clinically. Thus it affect the treatment result. Before treatment, therapeutic play , instructions and technical operations, can be useful for preschool child patients to transfer pressure and fear, to increase acceptance, and to understand practical usefulness. Purpose : To explore the acceptance of respiratory therapy of the preschool child patients, to improve the effective discharge of sputum of the hospitalized children, and to evaluate the effect of therapeutic play on preschool child patients' respiratory therapy. Methodological and theoretical orientation: This study was Quasi-Experimental Design, Enrolled 3-6-year-old pre-school young children of the Division of Pediatrics wards in a certain regional hospital as the subjects, divided into two groups (experimental group and control group) to a total of 40 people. The control group did not use the therapeutic play; the experimental group was added the guiding play type of therapeutic play. Taking into account the development characteristics of hospitalized children, and therefore to use self-designed LED blowing device and some real medical supplies for therapeutic play before the treatment. Afterwards, we can realize the usefulness of practical uses by persuading parents to fill out Child Temperament Scale" and Nursing Guidance Satisfaction Questionnaire .result: The use of therapeutic plays improve the effectiveness of respiratory therapy. In the experimental group, the interventional measures can significantly improve the correlation coefficient of child temperament and emotional regulation (p <.05) and Nursing Guidance Satisfaction reaching 97.1% Conclusion: The use of therapeutic play can improve the effectiveness of treatment, can also reduce the hospital hospital pressure and fear, thereby enhancing the quality of clinical care and care and professional ability.

Vanja completed her Bachelor of Science (Honours) in AnimalBiology with distinctionat the University of Guelph in January 2014. Sheiscurrentlyfurtheringherknowledge in the field of animalnutrition by pursuing a Master’sdegreebythesis under the supervision of Dr. Vern Osborneat the University of Guelph.

Thisprojectis part of alargertaskpursuing thedevelopment of naturallyproduced,health-contributing, polyphenol-enrichedmilkproductsthat are derived from byproductplantmatter from agriculturalsources. Apple pomace (AP), an abundantagricultural by product in Canada has a high polyophenolcontent (1000-1415g gallic acid equivalent/100g dry weight).17,36The objective of thisstudyis to evaluate the effects of in vitrorumendigestion on the totalpolyphenolcontent and free radical scavengingactivity of AP. AP will be collectedfresh andkeptat -20°C untilanalysis. Rumeninoculumwill be collected from a mature lactating cow and in vitrodigestionwill be performedfor 24 and 48hr of digestion in an ANKOM RF Gas Production System as per manufacturer’s instructions.3Afterdigestion, the sampleswill be centrifugedat 26 940g and filteredthrough 0.2um polyethersulfonefilters to removebacterial cells.10Allsamples (treated and untreated) will be freezedried and ground, afterwhichpolyphenolswill be extracted by solventextraction (80% methanolat21°C for 1hr).33 Fast Blue BB assay for totalpolyphenolquantificationand 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavengingactivityassaywill be performed on allsamples in triplicate with 3 technical replicates to assess the extent of polyphenoldegradation in the rumen33.The fraction of polyphenolsremainingafterin vitro digestionwill be roughlyrepresentative of the amountavailablefor absorptioninto the cow’sbloodstream and subsequently the mammarygland.

Vivian Y Lee has completed her Master’s degree from Massey University in New Zealand. She is currently conducting her PhD studies at The University of Sydney.

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as a necessary cause of cervical cancer, but is uniquely vaccine preventable. HPV vaccine programs face several challenges such as high rates of local adverse events (AE) and psychogenic responses which may reduce vaccine acceptance and contribute to low coverage rates. Exercise at the time of vaccination has been investigated for its potential to adjuvant the immune response, which would be a valuable effect in multi-dose vaccines such as HPV. Notably, exercise may also provide analgesic effects to reduce pain and alter the occurrence of AE. Method: 116 students (11-13yrs) receiving HPV vaccinations through the school vaccination program were randomized to control (Con) or exercise groups (Ex). Control-group received the vaccination according to usual-care procedure; exercise-group completed a 15-min moderate exercise task prior to the normal vaccination procedure. Participants completed a seven day AE diary with parental supervision. Results: On average 90% of participants reported an AE per dose. Reported number of days with pain in Ex decreased from dose 1 (2.00±0.23) to dose 2 (1.54±0.23) while it increased for Con (Dose 1: 1.91±0.24; Dose 2: 2.00±0.25; p=0.140). Reported number of days with tenderness decreased in both Ex and Con (p=0.01), with a steeper decrease in Ex (Dose 1: 2.14±0.25; Dose 2: 1.29±0.25) than Con (Dose1: 2.12±0.26; Dose 2: 1.75±0.27). Reported pain and fear of the injection was not different between groups. Conclusion: Preliminary analysis shows a trend for a benefit in using exercise as an intervention to improve the vaccination process for children. Furthermore, the practicality of this intervention within a school vaccination program seems to be reasonable with all parties involved being satisfied with the logistics.

This study was initiated with the aim of comparing the growth performance, immunity response and the change in duodenum microbiota of Arbor Acres broiler chicks that maintained during summer season with providing two distinguished sources of beneficial micro-organisms that were self developed undefined anaerobic culture isolated from the digestive tract of adult healthy broilers (competitive exclusion; CE) and commercial probiotic based on some Bacillus spp bacteria. Two hundred 1-day-old unsexed chicks (averaged 41 g), divided equally into five groups of four replicates each, were reared during June-August months. Experimental groups were ordered according to the following regime: 1: A control group was fed the basal diet without treatment, 2: One dose oral gavage with 1 ml (1 x 1010 cfu) of CE/chick administrated at day-1 post-hatch within 6 hours after chicks had been arrived to the farm, 3: Two doses oral gavage with CE/chick (1 x 1010 cfu, each), administrated twice; 1st time at day-1 post-hatch within 6 hours after chicks had been arrived to the farm and another repeated dose (1x1010cfu/ml) at day 11 of age (starter), 4: Chicks were fed on the basal diet supplemented with Microguard (0.1 g/kg diet), only during starter period and then chicks were switched to the control diets during grower and finisher periods and 5: Chicks were fed on the basal diets supplemented with Microguard (0.1 g/kg diet) during starter and grower and not during finisher feeding. Results obtained could be summarized as follow; -Providing CE twice or commercial probiotic preparation significantly increased weight gain (WG; P=0.05), while all tested groups significantly improved feed conversion ratio (P=0.001) of broiler chicks only during grower period compared to the control. - Total beneficial anaerobic bacteria were significantly (P=0.002) higher with gavaging CE twice against the other treatments evaluated while total aerobic bacteria that are composed not beneficial species were not significantly affected by treatments. -Supplementation with CE or commercial probiotic significantly increased white blood cell count’s (P=0.001) and lymphocytes percent (P=0.001), while heterophils percent (P=0.001) and heterophils to lymphocytes ratio (P=0.001) were significantly decreased with tested supplements compared to the control. Also, providing CE or commercial probiotic to broiler chicks significantly increased serum IgA (P=0.036) and antibodies Titers against Newcastle Disease Virus (P=0.004) compared to the control. It can be recommended that providing probiotics, either in the form of undefined beneficial culture from healthy adult chickens or commercial defined preparation can improve the performance of broiler chicks during summer months.

Dr. Julia Steinhoff-Wagner completed her PhD in Animal Science in Kiel, followed by a postdoctoral training in the Nutritional Physiology Unit at the Leibnitz Institute of Animal Biology in 2010 and a second postdoctoral training at the USDA Childrens’ Nutrition Research Center in Houston, Texas, USA. She currently builds up a junior research group at the Animal Science Department at Bonn University.

Pathways of waste milk in Germany were identified by a detailed literature search. Details about the relevance of these pathways are lacking. From 31070 Mio L milk in total, 1 to 4 % is withdrawn from the market. This “waste milk” is divided in categories: 1. Colostrum, 2. Milk with high cell count /microbes, 3. Milk with drug residues. Proportion of colostrum and colostral transition milk can be estimated by number of calving and accounts for 0.1 % and 0.4 % of the total produced milk. Along with existing recommendations colostrum is likely entirely fed to neonatal calves. From the One Health perspective feeding colostrum improves calve’s immune system and reduces drug use. No data are available about amounts of produced milk with high cell count/ microbes or milk with drug residues. By animal protectoral law it is stated that diseases need to be treated immediately, whereby it is likely that the majority of produced milk includes either both disturbances (high cell count/ microbes and milk with drug residues) or none (right before it’s getting marketable again). Last mentioned milk can be fed without any precautions, whereas pasteurization can be used to treat waste milk against microbial transition. With regard to resistances, especially the disposal of waste milk with drug residues should be in the focus of interest. Field reports exist, that the majority is fed to calves and on high quality dairy farms preferred to male calves. These questions are clarified with a survey and available for presentation.

Nanocrystalline cellulose fibers are well recognized materials for reinforcing due to their high mechanical properties, tunable surface groups, excellent strength/weight ratio, biodegradability and low cost. Cellulose fibers are extracted from areca nut fiber through chemical treatment. In this research we focused on the preparation of cellulose fiber reinforced natural rubber composites and its mechanical properties. The composites are analysed by various characterization techniques.

Dr. Benatiallah Ali completed his Ph.D. in Energy physics, 2006, physics department, faculty of science, University S T, Oran, Algeria. Thesis Title : Modelling and optimisation of PV solar system in Algeria, Master in solar energy, 1994, université of Tlemcen, Algeria, BSc in physics Engineering (with high Distinction), 1990, Department of physics, University of Tlemcen, Algeria His Research experiences are Head of energy & environment Centre, Adrar university, Algeria, Principal Researcher and Leader of Externally Funded Research Projects in the areas of energy The research projects were funded by the National Agency of Scientific Research Development, Member of a tree research group at Mostaganem University, External Examiner of more than 10 MSc and PhD theses and 5 BSc Projects. Reviewer of the Journal of IJGE.

Thanks to the good wind resource, the small wind turbines give a lot of alternative power for many remote electrical this paper describes new command and new system topologies that direct driven generators (PMSG). The permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is used with variable speed in the system proposed of wind energy. This system consists of a rectifying control by the DPC connected to the PMSG which is driven by a turbine vertical axis wind type “Savonius”. After we exploited this turbine with control PMSG to power remote areas. The control study concerns the converter; the method proposed is around two hysteresis controllers that enable to adjustment of reactive and active power; which is controlled by ‘quadratuly’ and ‘ directly’ of current components.

Rukshini Puvanendran is a consultant in the family medicine service at the KK women and children’s Hospital in Singapore. She runs the menopause andbosteoporosisi services of the hospital. She is also assistant professor in Family medicine at the Duke NUS Medical School.

Introduction:Osteoporosis Patient Targeted and Integrated Management for Active Living (OPTIMAL) is a fracture prevention program instituted in the public hospitals in Singapore since 2008 (2). The program included patients over 50 years of age with osteoporosis. The program constituted an osteoporosis education, falls assessment, falls prevention exercises and pharmacotherapy. Additionally case mangers followed up the patients with six follow up encounters over 2 years. We report on the outcome of the program. METHODS:Patients were interviewed by an investigator (not the assigned case manager) and falls, fracture and compliance to medication and exercise was evaluated. Compliance to medication was assessed by the medication possession ratio and verified via patient interview. RESULTS:101 patients were recruited based on WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) for primary fracture prevention . 95 patients had completed a 2-year follow-up at the hospital and were evaluated as part of this study. 77.89% of the patients reported compliance to medication. The commonest reasons for non adherence to treatment are not seeing the importance of medication and fear of side effects. CONCLUSION:Our report suggests that a fracture prevention program with structured education and case management can be effective in improving treatment rates.

Yoo Moonsook has completed her PhD at the age of 46 years from Yonsei University in Korea and she had been clinical experience for 18years. Her major is Nursing mangement. She is the dean of Ajou University College of Nursing. She has published more than 50 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as the president of Korean Association of College of Nursing and editorial board member of Korean Home Care Nursing Association.

PURPOSE: New graduate nurses experience a heavy work burden and stress in transitioning into professional nurses, which results in low job satisfaction and high turnover. In Korea, the turnover rate of new graduate nurses within the first year is very high at up to 29%. Positive psychological resources, such as PsyCap(Psychological Capital) and WE(Work Engagement), may promote the retention of new graduate nurses. This study examined the influence of PsyCap and WE on intention to remain in nursing, to provide data for developing a program to improve the retention of new graduate nurses. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey design was used. A structured questionnaire was answered by 156 new graduate nurses working at two tertiary hospitals and one university hospital in South Korea. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to examine the factors that influenced new graduate nurses’ intention to remain. RESULTS: The intention to remain of new graduate nurses was correlated significantly with PsyCap and WE. A hierarchical regression of intention to remain against general characteristics, PsyCap, and WE explained 33.8% of intention to remain of new graduate nurses(F = 13.185, p < .001). PsyCap(β = .413 p < .001) and WE(β = .274, p < .001) were influential in new graduate nurses’ intention to remain. CONCLUSIONS: In transitioning into a professional nurse, it is important to accumulate positive and supportive experiences to strengthen PsyCap and WE. In conclusion, to increase the intention to remain of new graduate nurses, organizational and systematic strategies should be provided to strengthen PsyCap and WE.

Ewelina Bratek is PhD student in Dept. of Neurochem at Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. Ewelina Bratek has published more than 3 papers in reputed journals.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and permanent neurological disability worldwide. It was shown recently that mGluR2/3 activation before or after ischemic insult results in neuroprotection, but the exact mechanism of this effect is not clear. The aim of present study was to investigate whether mGluR2/3 activation after hypoxia-ischemia reduces brain damage and inhibits apoptotic processes. We used an animal model of hipoxia-ischemia (H-I) on 7-day old rat pups. Animals underwent unilateral common carotid artery ligation combined with 75 min hypoxia at 7.4% oxygen. Control pups were sham-operated (anaesthetized and left c.c.a. dissected, but not ligated). Animals were injected intraperitoneally with mGluR2 (LY 379268) and mGluR3 (NAAG) agonists 1 h or 6 h after H-I (5 mg/kg of body weight). We examined the weight deficit of the ischemic brain hemisphere and the expression of caspase independent apoptosis factors (AIF, HTR/OMI, endonuclease G). The expression of trophic factors GDNF, BDNF, TGF-beta was also measured. Our results show that application of each agonist decreased brain tissue weight loss in ischemic hemisphere independently on the time of application (from 40% in H-I to 15 - 20% in treated). Both agonists of mGluR2/3 applied 1h or 6h after H-I decreased expression of AIF, HTR/OMI and endonuclease G proteins compared to untreated H-I. mGluR2/3 agonists application decreased expression of TGF-beta and increased BDNF and GDNF in the ischemic hemisphere compared to H-I. Conclusion. This study demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of mGluR 2/3 agonists on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Presented data suggest that this effect is connected with decreasing apoptosis.

Ismail Ismail is PhD student at the State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemical Biology, National Engineering Research Center of Pesticide (Tianjin), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. His 02 paper published in the Royal Society of Chemistry. He has his expertise in the synthesis of fluorescent probes for H2S biology. Much of his research focuses on developing chemical tools for H2S detection and quantification. Developing new chemical tools to detect and modulate biological H2S. Such tools include fluorescent, and colorimetric methods for H2S detection and quantification focused on imaging H2S in live cells, zebrafish, and mice. Drawing parallels to the positive impacts of chemical tools for detection, quantification, and delivery of biological HOCl, His anticipation about newlydeveloped chemical tools will enable new investigations into the multifaceted roles H2S and others cellular signaling gaseous molecules in biology and facilitate new discoveries in human health and disease.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important critical gaseous endogenous signaling molecule with emerging at the center of a rich field of chemical and biological research. H2S could be enzymatically produced in vivo. The biological concentration of H2S in the central nervous system and blood plasma are in the range of 50-160 μM and 10-100 μM, respectively. Studies have revealed that the H2S level in vivo is correlated with numerous diseases, including the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, down syndrome, diabetes and liver cirrhosis. Numerous physiological and pathological processes have been recognized to be linked to H2S, many of its underlying molecular events in vivo remain largely unknown and needs to be explored. A major challenge for H2S detection in biological systems is to develop a highly selective and sensitive probe that exhibits distinctive response to micromolar H2S over other cellular molecules, especially for millimolar biothiols. Therefore, it presents significant research value to develop efficient advanced chemical and technological tools for selective and sensitive H2S detection and imaging in order to gain a more detailed understanding. To address this challenge, H2S-triggered chemical reactions, including nucleophilic addition, reduction of azide or nitro to amine, copper precipitation, thiolysis of dinitrophenyl ether, and thiolysis of NBD dyes, have been successfully employed to develop fluorescent probes for detection of biological H2S. A new NBD-based fluorescent turn-on probe was developed for H2S detection in aqueous buffer and in living cells. The probes are based on the fast and selective thiolyling of the NBD amine. The probe 1 showed 19-fold red fluorescent turn-on upon H2S activation. The probe could react rapidly with H2S (k2= 27.8 M-1s-1) to give 19-fold turnon red-emitting fluorescence with excellent selectivity of 10 μM concentration. The probe is highly sensitive and selective toward H2S over other biologically relevant species. The probe was lowcytotoxic and mitochrondria-targeted (Pearson coefficient 0.947 with Mito-Tracker Green), which was successfully used for monitoring H2S in living cells, zebrafish and mice. This work further highlights that thiolysis of the NBD amine is a useful reaction for development of fluorescent H2S probes.

Staffan P.E. Sylvan is a senior expert in infectious diseases and communicable disease control and prevention. He has been the county medical officer for Uppsala County, Sweden. As such he was the director of the local department of communicable disease control and prevention and was very active in undertaking campaigns concerning the containment of the spread of communicable diseases such as pandemic influenza, Chlamydia, HIV and hepatitis A, B and C. He has a long standing research career particularly in the area of hepatitis immunology. He has published more than 65 papers in reputed journals

The aim of this study was to compare the impact of the pandemic influenza strain A(H1N1)pdm09 on the need for hospital care, intensive care and mortality in three countries in the southern hemisphere where no vaccination was implemented with the results obtained in Uppsala county, Sweden where vaccination with the pandemic vaccine Pandemrix was started two weeks before the begining of the outbreak. In Sweden pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 was notifiable from the microbiology departments. Notification from the clinicians was required for patients treated in the hospitals. Data on mortality was extracted from the patients electronic journal systems. The data from the three southern hemisphere countries was obtained from a data analysis made by the Swedish Institute for communicable disease control and prevention and was distributed on August 17th 2009 to all hospitals and county medical officers in Sweden. The 2009 A(H1N1) influenza pandemic resulted in a lower need for hospital care in two out of three countries from the southern hemisphere compared with Uppsala county. In contrast, the need for intensive care and the mortality rate in the three countries where no vaccination was performed was similar to those of Uppsala county, where 62% of the population had been vaccinated by January 2010. No clear benefit could be registered on the need for hospital care, intensive care and mortality of the massvaccination campaign implemented in Uppsala county. This is probably due to the late onset of the vaccination campaign. After the vaccination campaign 15 new cases of narcolepsy was diagnosed.

ABSTRACT Background : Tuberculosis (TB) is still major worldwide concern especially at tropical country. Tuberculosis also can infect any place in the body. It is estimated that between 10-25% of TB infections occur extra pulmonary. Abdominal Tuberculosis occurs about 10 % of extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Abdominal Tuberculosis can be easily confused with malignancy. Pseudo Meigs syndrome is co existence of pelvic tumour, hydrothorax, and ascites. It is resembles with metastatic ovarian cancer. Abdominal tuberculosis may resemble with advanced ovarian cancer. Case Report: A married woman, 21 years old, with chief complaint enlargement stomach since 2 weeks before come to the hospital. Patient also had poor intake, low-grade fever, pelvic pain. Cough , weight loss, defecation disturbance, urinated disturbance, enlargement another area were denied. Family history, her father was diagnosed tuberculosis on treatment. Ascites was presented. Thorax X ray found right effusion plural . Complete blood count, albumin, electrolyte serum, renal function test, liver function test were at normal limit. Hepatitis Viral marker were negative. Peritoneal Fluid Analysis found elevated LDH (905 U/L), elevated PMN count 1050/ uL, MN count 3829/ uL, Glucose 68 mg/dL, Protein 7.2 g/dL, SAAG 0.8 mg/dl. ADA test from effusion pleural 4,44 U/L ( within normal limit). A significantly elevated CA-125 level ( 542.5 U/mL). Contrast MSCT abdominal found cyctic lesion with septal and multiple peritumoral lymph node suspected malignant ovarian mass. Laparotomy was done and found serous ascites, multiple nodules attached to the surface of bilateral uterus ½ centimeters and attached to bilateral ovary, and dense adhesions between uterus and rectum. Multiple biopsies were done. Finally, histopathology investigation revealed multinucleated giant cell ( Datia Langhans) with necrotizing granulomatous changes with no malignant cells in all biopsies. Acid fast stain tuberculosis was positive at paraffin block pathology. The patient got anti tuberculosis drugs. After 2 months treatment, patient feel better and there was no complaint enlargement stomach. Until now the patient is on treatment. Discussion The patient presented ascites, pleural effusion, cystic ovarian suggestive of Pseudo-Meigs syndrome. Pseudo Meigs Syndrome is clinically important because resembling of metastatic pelvic cancer. CA-125 is elevated 80% of post menopausal ovarian cancer but not specific and non diagnostic in premenopausal women. SAAG < 1.1 mg / dl indicates non Portal hypertension, caused by infection, malignancy, nephrotic syndrome, or pancreatitis. Finding Datia Langhans at histopathology could be considered as tuberculosis but it can be revealed from another disease. Acid fast stain positive increase the probability of tuberculosis infection. Family history of tuberculosis infection could increase diagnostics value of tuberculosis. Antituberculosis according to the latest protocol led to clinical improvement. Conclusion: Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) should be being considered in the differential diagnosis of advanced ovarian cancer, especially in the regions that are endemic for the disease. Keywords : ovarian tuberculosis , peritoneal tuberculosis, tuberculosis.

Yogesh Gupta is PhD research fellow from National Agri Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali (Punjab) India. He is doing PhD on gene discovery for seedless in Annona species. He has published one research paper in BMC Genomics in 2015.

Seedlessness is a desirable characteristic, as it increases fruit acceptance by consumers due to several benefits: seedless fruits are easier to eat, fruit juice or fruit jam processing is easier, and often seeds have bitter taste or are hardy in nature. Annona squamosa L. is a popular fruit throughout the tropics, mainly southern Mexico, Antilles, Central and South America, Africa, Australia, India, Indonesia, Polynesia and US (Hawaii and Florida). Recently, we have reported the first transcriptome sequence information from early-stage fruits of A. squamosa. We have further generated a comprehensive transcriptional profile for early-stage developing fruits from two genotypes of A. squamosa with contrast in seed number. A total of 1,72,178 unigenes were assembled from the raw reads generated in the developing fruits of four stages (0, 4, 8, and 12 days after pollination). Sequence similarity analyses against 4 public protein databases (Prunus persica, Vitis vinifera, Fragaria vesca, and Amborella trichopoda) at E-value cut-off of 10−5, revealed 48,641 unigenes as annotated. Differentially expressed unigenes, related to hormone pathways, transcription factors and seed development, were identified between the two genotypes. The study will be useful in understanding the molecular mechanism of fruit development in Annona sp.

Introduction: A combination dosage form of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide is indicated in the treatment of edema and hypertension. It provides consistent blood pressure lowering and tolerability regardless of age, obesity, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes and greater efficiency in patients with high cardiovascular risk. Aim: Simultaneous determination of irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide in plasma using a sensitive LC-MS/MS method and its application to a bioequivalence study under fasting conditions. Materials & Methods: Plasma samples were prepared using protein precipitation with acetonitrile, the two analytes and the internal standard losartan were separated on a reverse phase C18 column (50 mm × 4 mm, 3 m) using water with 2.5% formic acid, methanol and acetonitrile (40:45:15, v/v/v (%)) as a mobile phase (flow rate of 0.70 mL/min). Irbesartan and hydrochlorothiazide were ionized using ESI source in negative ion mode, prior to detection by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode while monitoring at the following transitions: m/z 296→269 and m/z 296→205 for hydrochlorothiazide, 427→175 for irbesartan. Results: Linearity was demonstrated over the concentration range 0.06–6.00 g/ml for irbesartan and 1.00–112.00 ng/mL for hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). The calibration sensitivities were 0.2537±0.0055 and 0.0129±0.0002 for irbesartan and HCTZ, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation of Irbesartan and HCTZ were found to be 0.06 g/mL and 1.00 ng/ml, respectively. The limit of detection for irbesartan was 0.01 g/mL and for HCTZ was 0.51 ng/ml. The mean absolute recovery of irbesartan was 48.5, 59.6 and 60.7% for concentration levels of 0.18, 3.00 and 4.80 g/ml. The mean absolute recovery for HCTZ was 28.8, 33.0 and 34.1% for concentration levels of 3.00, 55.00 and 88.00 ng/ml. Both irbesartan and HCTZ were found to be stable under the mentioned test conditions. Conclusion: An accurate and precise LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of irbesartan and HCTZ in human plasma has been developed and validated. The method demonstrated high selectivity and sensitivity which rendered the method fits for the purpose of its application to measure concentration–time profiles for bioavailability, pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence decision after dosing with two tablet formulations containing 300 mg irbesartan and 12.5 mg HCTZ tablet on healthy volunteers in a fasted state

Carola Esposito Corcione received her Master degree in Chemical Engineering at University Federico II of Naples in October 2000. She received her Ph.D. degree in Materials Science and Technology in May 2004, defending her thesis on “Development and kinetic characterization of new materials for stereolithography process”. From January 2005 she is Assistant Professor at University of Salento. She keeps scientific collaborations with several Italian and International research institutions: Author of about 90 papers on international journals (hindex = 21) and 50 presentations at international conferences, most of them are about innovative polymer based materials .

The present work is focused on developing innovative active biomolecules from the organic fraction of the solid urban waste (FORSU). The main goal of the experimental activity is the reduction of the bacterial activity of the FORSU, and its conversion in high added-value products, to be used in different fields of civil and industrial engineering.In order to obtain a modification of its chemical structure, thus leading to the generation of active biomolecules, the organic waste, once milled, was exposed to UV radiation. The contemporary exposure to UV radiation and to the ozone generated by the UV was found to cause an alteration of the chemical bonds of the solid waste. Furthermore, the UV and ozone exposure ensured a strong reduction of the bacteria of the organic waste. FTIR measurements were carried out in order to verify the chemical structure of the organic waste, before and after UV exposure. In particular, a strong reduction of the carbon-carbon double and triple bond stretching peaks was found after UV irradiation, together with the appearance of the peak related to the stretching of the epoxy group. The quantitative determination of the epoxy content of the organic waste after UV exposure was calculated by chemical titration, as reported in ASTM D 1652 – 97. Once known the epoxy quantitative, UV-irradiated waste was mixed with different amounts of diamine. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was then used to evaluate the presence of an exothermic peak due to the reaction of the epoxy groups and the amine, and to identify the reaction temperature. Finally, samples for flexural tests were produced by mixing UV-irradiated waste and diamine, and by leaving the compound in oven for the time necessary to complete the reaction.

Shao-Chin Tseng has completed his PhD from department of materials science and engineering, National Taiwan University. He is the assistant scientist of National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center. He studies on Nanotechnology, X-ray nanoprobe, Optoelectronic Materials, Semiconductor Process, Biomedical Sensing. He has published more than 25 papers in reputed journals.

The X-ray nanoprobe (XNP) provides versatile X-ray-based inspection technologies, including diffraction, absorption spectroscopy, imageology, and so on. Also it will improve the analysis scale of imhomogeneous materials, tiny and diluted samples to the nanoscale. Moreover, the high-transmitted XNP can be used to inspect the “Nano World” like atomic arrangements, chemical and electronic configurations, which are widely adopted in the physics, chemistry, materials science, semiconductor devices, nanotechnologies, energy and environmental science, and earth science. Beside to the opening to the researchers, it is also important to improve the inspection and research strength of the XNP in the nanomaterials field, in order to increase the academic influence of the XNP and the Taiwan Photon Source. The primary experimental technique of XNP includes X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (for the analysis in the depth-of-field distribution of elements), extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy (for the analysis in the electronic configuration and the atomic or molecular bonding length), excitation X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (for the analysis in the recombination and transport of carriers), in-phase scanning X-ray imageology (the Fourier phase transform calculation can improve the space resolution down to 3nm to 5nm, and detect the stress distribution inside the nanostructures). The design XNP and the experimental applications will be reported.

Alina Vasilescu is an analytical chemist with expertise in the development and validation of novel analytical methods. Her experience encompasses both academic research and analytical research in the pharmaceutical industry. She currently works as a Senior Researcher at the International Centre of Biodynamics in Bucharest, where she coordinates several research projects, focussing on the development of (bio)sensors for practical applications. Study of protein aggregation is a primary research area and she collaborates with other groups for including nanomaterials in the development of novel sensors.

Statement of the Problem: Protein instability due to misfolding and aggregation is of big concern for protein-based therapeutics because it impacts the bioavailability and immunogenicity of such drugs. Simple and cost-effective analytical methods, indicating the presence or absence of protein aggregates, are consequently of high importance. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: Porous reduced graphene oxide (prGO) coated electrodes have been investigated for the early and sensitive identification of protein aggregation. The detection principle lies in following the change in the oxidative current of the proteins. The sensor architectures studied included glassy carbon electrodes with drop cast prGO and disposable, screen printed electrodes modified with prGO using the layer-by-layer deposition technique. The studies focused on the protein lysozyme and the pharmaceutical polypeptide calcitonin having the ability to form aggregates in different conditions of pH and temperature. Parallel experiments were performed by fluorescence with thioflavin T, size exclusion chromatography, and Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging. Findings: Comparing the oxidation peak of lysozyme by differential pulse voltammetry for different electrode architectures allowed validating the higher sensitivity of the prGO-coated interfaces versus bare ones. Moreover, the modified electrodes allowed detecting in a fast and reliable manner the changes in the protein structure occurring at pH 2 and pH 7.4, as per processes leading to the formation of amyloid and amorphous aggregates, respectively (Fig.1). Screen printed electrodes modified with prGO enabled to differentiate between the amyloid-type aggregation of calcitonin (2 mg mL-1) in citrate buffer and no amyloid formation in acetate buffer. These electrodes were also applied to the analysis of a pharmaceutical drug product of low potency, Miacalcic (8.3 µg mL-1 calcitonin), where no aggregation was observed. Conclusion & Significance: Electrochemical sensors coated with prGO coated enable to capture different aggregation behaviors of proteins and peptides and represent a complementary tool for biopharmaceutical

Caijun Zhang has built up his expertise in analytical chemistry support to pharmaceutical industrial for more than 20 years. He recently brings his knowledge to Terramera Inc, an agriculture biotech company and support the product development from prove- concept stage to the commercialization of finished product.

Statement of the Problem: Neem oil contains more than 100 biologically active compounds (limonoids). Azadirachtin as a marker for neem oil is well adopted in the biopesticide industry. However, this marker is insufficient to distinguish whether the neem oil is contaminated with other botanical oil because azadirachtin (A and B) represent only the polar and hydrophilic limonoids, very small portion of bioactive ingredients in neem oil. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: Terramera develop a finger-print HPLC method which can detect most bioactive ingredients in neem oil. According to the HPLC profile (figure 1), a new marker system was developed in Terramera. This new marker system includes a wider spectrum of active ingredients and can protect from the adulterated neem oil because any foreign peaks can be easily detected under other limonoids region Conclusion & Significance: The new marker system for neem oil provides a much better representation of the quality of neem oil than measuring azadirachtin alone.

Samantha Connell completed her Master of Science in Public Health in Industrial Hygiene at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in the United States. She is currently working on Project BONAS, completing research at the University of Lausanne and the Institute for Work and Health in Lausanne, Switzerland. She also has industrial hygiene experience in the fields of research and development, oil and gas, and entertainment.

The Project BONAS (BOmb factory detection by Networks of Advanced Sensors) started in 2011 with the aim of designing, developing and testing a network of sensors to detect precursors used to prepare improvised explosive devices (IEDs) present in the environment surrounding a bomb factory while an IED is prepared. On 15 January 2013, the Regulation (EU) No. 98/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the marketing and use of explosives precursors was adopted. According to the regulation, such precursors are seven substances which shall be available to members of the general public only in concentrations equal to or lower than some stated limit values and eight substances for which suspicious transactions shall be reported. Occupational hygiene is playing a critical role in supporting the development of the BONAS project. Sampling and analytical methods are referenced and deployed throughout the validation process of the sensors. These methods are not typically used in conjunction with the parameters of interest; however, work is being done to continuously improve the validated occupational hygiene strategies to fit the desired mold of this application. Consequentially, resulting in enhanced usability and sensitivity within current methods as well as novel approaches that could potentially be implemented in the workplace.

Alaa S. Barhamain; Senior medical student completing her final year at Umm Al-Qura University, College of Medicine to obtain her MD Bachelor Degree in 2017. She is very interested in the field of research and is a main author in 3 research papers under review for publication. Currently she is studying the theurapeutic benifits of heliotherapy.

The use of Heliotherapy for the treatment of various affections of the body is of an old date. It was in 1880 that heliotherapy became a recognized therapeutic procedure in surgical tuberculosis and gained a wide popularity. Since that time, further studies were conducted to find out more health benefits to sun light. Many health institutions were built on high altitude or by the seashores in Europe to provide heliotherapy to patients suffering from TB in abdomen, bones and joints, psoriatic arthritis, uveitis, atopic dermatitis, and rheumatoid conditions…. etc. However, with the success of antibiotics in achieving faster therapeutic goals in the treatment of TB, and with the emerge of theories indicting that the direct exposure to sun light can be associated with increased incidence of skin cancer, the reputation of heliotherapy has reposed. We reviewed the earliest clinical data and observations reported by physicians and the relatively new studies and proposed Heliotherapy to be a solution for the failure of treatment of many diseases, specially those cases resistant to conventional therapy. This paper focuses on the therapeutic benefits of sunlight exposure in the treatment of drug resistant TB and granulomatous lesions whether in the lungs or any other part of the body. It also highlights the effect of heliotherapy in the treatment of a group of skin manifestations, mood enhancement, immune modulation and treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Shaheen MH is a 6th-year medical student at Faculty of Medicine Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. He is interested in researches and has five researches as a co-author and three as a data collector. He has presented three researches as an oral presentation at three different conferences. He is the Head and Vice-head of Scientific Committee at medical students’ club for 2 consecutive years. He is a trainer in musculoskeletal examination workshops at conference and other coming events. He is the Head of the Student Coordinating Committee for the student mentoring center.

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are considered as the leading cause for morbidity and mortality in several developing countries including Saudi Arabia. Though majority of cases are viral, three-quarters of antibiotics consumed is for ARIs, which has contributed to the emergence of drug-resistant bacterial pathogens, serious side effects and a significant waste of health care resources. This study was conducted to observe the pattern of physician prescriptions, to determine their practices related to ARI management and compliance to WHO protocols, and to provide recommendations to enhance their practices in primary health care. Material & Method: This cross sectional study was conducted in Primary Health Care centers of Makkah Al Mukarrama, Saudi Arabia. We selected 908 prescriptions of 28 practitioners of public and private sectors and compared the prescription with WHO recommended guidelines for acute respiratory tract infection, after taking their consent. Ethical approval was obtained from the Umm Al-Qura Medical College ethical committee. Result: There were 522 male (57.5%) and 386 female (42.5%) children. It was found that weight, pulse rate, temperature and respiratory rates were not recorded in 224 (24.7%), 306 (33.7%), 144 (15.9%) and 326 (35.9%) cases. In 172 cases (19%) no diagnosis was mentioned. Antibiotics were prescribed in 465 (51%) cases while most of the cases were of simple cold, where antibiotics are not recommended. Conclusion: Many physicians in Makkah Mukurramah are not following WHO recommended guidelines. Training program should be organized to sensitize the physicians regarding the appropriate method of diagnosis and rationale use of antibiotic.

Hasan Karadurmus has attended the researches in the Turkish Government Food Control Laboratory. He is currently an undergraduate student at the dual degree program between Istanbul Technical University and Montana State University in Bioengineering Major. He is interested in the roles of microorganisms in the biotechnology.

In recent decades, an energy crisis increases in conjunction with the depletion of natural energy sources. Moreover, the international agreements such as KYOTO Protocol limit the rate of carbon emission and obligate the countries to use biodiesel energy, which causes a low-carbon emission rate. Comprehensive studies have been currently implemented to product biodiesel as the alternative renewable energy with more efficient and affordable costs instead of petroleum-derived diesel. Biodiesel, which can be called as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), is characterized as non-toxic and biodegradable. Most countries use vegetable or plant oils to produce biodiesel. Whereas using vegetable oil causes an increase both in the food prices and in the probability of depletion of edible oils. Following the searches, waste-frying oil that has a harmful effect on not only human’s health but also environment is used to produce biodiesel. Alternatively, using waste oils that are composed of 8.8% of free fatty acids lower the price of biodiesel production in the industrial areas. In these presentation microorganisms such as bacteria, algae, molds, and yeasts in biodiesel production were appraised based on recent literatures.

Dr. Siqun Wang is a Professor in the UT Center for Renewable Carbon. His research interests include Nano-mechanics, cellulose nano materials, bio-based carbon materials, manufacture and performance of wood-based composites, natural fiber-reinforced plastic composites, bio nanocomposites, wood adhesion, cellulose nano material impact on soil, soil recovery, heave metal removal from water, and wood quality. Dr. Wang has authored or co-authored more than 200 referred journal articles.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with similar size and various surface charge densities were prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis and NaOH desulfation. The influence of surface charge density and NaCl concentration on the intrinsic viscosity of CNC suspensions and predicted aspect ratio were investigated by Ubbelohde viscometer. With decreased CNC surface charge density, the intrinsic viscosity initially decreased due to the electric double layers on the CNC surface and subsequently increased due to CNC aggregation. To screen electroviscous effect, NaCl was added into CNC suspensions. With increased NaCl concentration, the intrinsic viscosity of CNC suspensions first decreased and then increased. The aspect ratios of CNCs predicted by Batchelor equation from the minimum intrinsic viscosity were consistent with that measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Suspensions of CNCs with higher surface charge density needed less NaCl to obtain minimum intrinsic viscosity. The NaCl content that should be added to the suspension to predict the actual physical aspect ratio of CNC can be estimated by Debye-Hückel theory, assuming that the Debye length is equal to the CNC diameter.

Kim Jeong Sun is a professor of gerontological nursing in college of nursing, and is head professor of the course of Advanced Gerontological Nursing Practitioner (AGNP) in the graduate school at Chonnam National University of Korea. She is a vice-president of Korea Gerontological Nurses Association in Korean Nurse Association, and is vice-president of the council for the curriculum of AGNP. She is an editorial member and board member of the Korean Gerontological Society.Her major areas of research include prevention of dementia, polypharmacy, falls, and long-term care for the elderly etc. She has been studying geriatric or gerontological nursing for decades, and is currently conducting a research project on prevention of dementia supported by National Research Foundation of Korea.

Statement of the Problem: Dementia has a profound effect on society as a whole, including individuals with dementia and their families. Early detection and prevention of dementia, which is an irreversible geriatric medical problem, is the first priority at the present time before entering a super-aged society in Korea. Therefore, exploring the diagnosis process of dementia experienced by middle-aged adult children, the immediate family members of demented elderly who are more likely to develop dementia than anyone else, will identify the relevant factors for early detection of dementia, and provide basic data to explore an active intervention strategy for prevention of dementia. The purpose of this study is to explore dementia diagnosis process of the elderly with dementia from the perspective of middle-aged adult children in Korea. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: Grounded theory methodology was utilized. Data were collected from 17 middle-aged adult children, the immediate family members of demented elderly during individual in-depth interviews. Theoretical sampling was used until the data reached saturation. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative analysis method. Findings: The core category emerged as “Missed the proper diagnosis timing” explaining the diagnosis process of dementia. It was found that middle - aged children of the demented elderly experienced 8 stages of the process from the time when they recognized the initial symptom of dementia to the diagnosis of dementia according to the time: overlooking - hesitating - avoiding - being silent - keep passing the buck - coordinating – persuading – getting the diagnosis. Conclusion & Significance: The results suggested the strategy for early diagnosis of dementia and the basis of nursing intervention to eliminate obstacles through the process of diagnosis of dementia experienced by middle - aged children of demented elderly. Furthermore, it is valuable as a basic data of dementia prevention policy for dementia families